Copyright © 2020 BrightView Holdings, Inc. BrightView refers to BrightView Holdings, Inc. or one of its subsidiaries or affiliates, and may sometimes refer to the BrightView set of companies. The plant is: Overwatered. If there is too much water or the soil is constantly wet, there is not enough air pockets. Before going to the solution, let’s take a look at the signs of overwatered aloe vera plant. While the roots of a plant take up water, they also need air to breathe. Thank you so much for sharing such an amazing post. They look all right. You can take care of your indoor Aloe Vera plant by obtaining the standard transplant. "Water … Plants like Cyperus, Alocasia, Colocasia, Acorus, and many others will thrive in containers that drain slowly. When I got back, the plants looked like they had practically died! When roots of plants absorb more water than they can use,  water pressure begins to build in the cells of the leaves. Oxygen fills this space. The effects of overwatering can be as devastating as underwatering and your herbs can die if they receive more water than they can handle. An underwatered plant will have wrinkly, shriveled up leaves whereas an overwatered plant will have soft, mushy, almost translucent leaves. I like this topic and also I like the way you have written this post. Over watering plants is one of the biggest issues I see in landscapes today. Your aloe begins to show these signs that it is getting hurt. Slow-draining soils -- … Why are Plants Affected by Too Much Water? Due to sodium ion on the clay. Irrigation Training Series: Stream For Free! 3. The biggest difference between the two is that too little water will result in your plant's leaves feeling dry and crispy to the touch while too much water results in soft and limp leaves. They are the primary source for water, food and the intake of oxygen. For an indoor avocado, insert your finger into the soil up to the second knuckle. We also recommend using our new watersense epa certified controller: https://www.jainsusa.com/greeniq. It is easy to not let your Peperomia dry out enough between each watering. Because of the anatomy of the aloe plant, it can easily be overwatered. Empty cart. But during my research I read that brown colored plant bottoms might mean overwatering, and one of the plants I got actually looks like that (please see pic). Over-watering damages tree roots. The cation ratio is out of balance. Do not water at night. With proper watering you will get much more leaf growth. Aloe plants don’t like overwatering or stagnant water. The plant is: Overwatered. When plants have too little water, leaves turn brown and wilt. Houston Branch Help Cleanup Texas Following Hurricane Laura. The plant and the leaves have absorbed too much water and cannot take any more. If it crumbles, your tree needs more water. Generally, the idea for newly planted shrubs is to water more often at the very beginning and then decrease it gradually so that watering about every five days to once a week is usually enough. Required fields are marked *. They look all right. The roots of  plants take up water and also oxygen to survive and thrive. No aloe’s are drowning today! Once the blisters erupt, tan, brown or white warty growths begin to form where the blisters originally were. dang it i shuda read this before watering again, Thanks Joe. Why are Plants Affected by Too Much Water? These are the obvious tell-tale signs to indicate whether your succulent is being over or underwatered. Check your soil regularly.  Don’t be afraid to push you finger into the soil and see how moist it is an inch or two down.  If the soil is moist and you have some of the conditions above it’s a sign to reduce your water.  Also, manystores sell inexpensive and accurate moisture meters.  You simply insert them in the root ball and they will tell you how much water is in the soil.  This is a simple and inexpensive tool that will take much of the guess work out of watering your landscape.  I hope these tips are helpful and please share a few of your own in the comments area below. Don't allow your pot to sit in standing water as it will keep the soil too wet. Thank you so much for this information. What Does Overwatered Basil Look Like? Your plant is wilting but it looks like it has plenty of water; Roots are critical to plant life. In this scenario, the problem is actually at the roots, where they begin to … Arborvitae will tolerate a moister soil than many evergreens, but they will "drown" if kept overly wet. Water Pressure Begins to Build Sometimes older leaves can turn yellow as they are replaced by new growth, but if your plant has many yellow leaves, then there is a problem that needs fixed. Leaves Turn Brown and Wilt Your EC must be above 2.0. Your Shopping Cart will be saved with Product pictures and information, and Cart Totals. Look for the signs of overwatering … Rescue Techniques for Wilting Plants Wilted, overwatered plants are not always a lost cause. Be extra careful with small plants in big containers. Roots are the primary source for your plants water, food, and intake of oxygen. Like all plants, herbs need to watered regularly, but there is a point where you can give them too much water. If you are experiencing any of these symptoms within your plants and believe the root cause is overwatering, the best thing to do … Under-watering and too much sun work together to dry out and burn your plant… What does an overwatered plant look like?  When both young and old leaves are falling prematurly combined with buds not opening, this is a sure sign of too much water. Baby’s Tears. Get a look inside! Wet, muddy or soggy soil means it has been overwatered. Water pressure begins to build in the cells of plant leaves when the roots absorb more water than they can use. Overwatering, in simple terms, drowns your plant. If your plant is green, well-watered and still … If you enjoyed this post please consider subscribing to the blog and follow me on twitter at H2OTrends. It sounds like it was over watered, and the roots have rotted. Overwatering, in simple terms, drowns your plant. Water must be moving through the soil profile for osmosis to occur. This is a sign of a nutrient problem, that is a side-effect of overwatering.  If the tip of the leaf is turning brown this is a sign of over watering. Stunted Slow Growth Make sure that water is able to drain easily out the bottom of potted cannabis plants. Moisture can be present in the soil when the surface looks dry. I was notorious for over watering my house plants. The signs for an overwatered plant are: Lower leaves are yellow; Plant looks wilted; Roots will be rotting or stunted; No new growth; Young leaves will turn brown; Soil will appear green (which is algae) The signs of plants affected by too much water are very similar to plants that have too little water. I agree with you a soil analysis is especially helpful for any grower or gardener who is serious about plant health. Stunted slow growth accompanied by yellowing leaves is also a symptom. Richard is a spokesperson at industry events and on the Hill to provide direction and insight on landscape water management best practices. He served on the Irrigation Association’s Board of Directors. Check your soil regularly. Overwatered Basil will initially develop paler, yellowing leaves, that often start from the lower leaves upwards. Roots are Critical to Plant Life. Remember EC= Ca+Mg+Na in meq. Now that I’m in to succulents and air plants, I’m alot more careful. If the soil feels moist and you observe some of the signs above, it’s an excellent indication that you need to reduce your watering. An overwatered plant can also have shriveled leaves, but the leaves will also be mushy and translucent in appearance. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. An Overwatered Jade Plant May Have Yellowing Leaves One of the first signs of overwatering a Jade plant is the yellowing of its leaves. Until 4-7 days later just slowly start to die. This can overwhelm your plant, not allow it to absorb the nutrients it needs and causes rotting issues. Rescue Techniques for Wilting Plants Wilted, overwatered plants are not always a lost cause. https://gardenforindoor.com/how-to-save-overwatered-aloe-plant I have seen both over watered, and under-watered plants recover. It helps me in many ways. The cells will eventually burst, killing them and forming blisters and these areas will look like lesions. Richard also writes for other publications and is an award winning contributor to Lawn & Landscape Magazine. An Awesome Water Management Guide For Landscapes, 3 Advantages of Irrigation Association Participation, A verification code will be sent to your number. When an aloe plant is being overwatered, the leaves develop what are called water-soaked spots that look soggy and soft. Over watered plants leaves are much more fuller look and feel than and under watered plant. It is as essential as a proper watering process. You will also notice indentations forming directly above the growths on the top sides of the leaves. To solve the problem you need the pH to be slightly acid. If your plants have yellowing leaves and old leaves, as well as new leaves that are falling at the same accelerated rate, you are overwatering. Richard is a water management evangelist. He has a great interest in the supply of clean water for people in developing countries and as an outdoorsman, spends his free time running, swimming and surfing. Leaves turn brown and wilt when plants have too little and too much water.  The biggest difference is too little water will result in the leaves feeling crispy when you hold them in your hand.  Too much water and the leaves will feel soft and limp in your hand. Healthy soil allows for oxygen to exist in the space between particles of soil. In 2014 his efforts were recognized with a “Leadership in Landscape” award. Wet and Wilting. Soil that is constantly wet won’t have enough air pockets and plants will not be able to breathe by taking up oxygen with their roots. Hold off on any application of fertilizer until you see new growth. So watch out, and read on! Overwatering, in fact, is the most common cause of aloe death. The signs for an overwatered plant are: Lower leaves are yellow; Plant looks wilted; Roots will be rotting or stunted; No new growth; Young leaves will turn brown; Soil will appear green (which is algae) The signs of plants affected by too much water are very similar to plants that have too little water. Overwatering cannabis plants is a common mistake among growers, and it results in drooping leaves.However, overwatering has not occurred as a result of using too much water, but rather that the plant has been watered too often or it is being grown in a pot without appropriate drainage. In an attempt to give them enough water to last the trip, I over watered them before I left. Amount, Please! Roots are the primary source for your plants water, food, and intake … If you see yellowing leaves and soft and limp plant, this could be one of the signs of overwatering. Precise-as-can-be check: Below your tree, dig 6-8 inches deep and grab a handful of soil. Your soil should be cool and moist. Make sure the drainage holes in your plant's pot aren't clogged, and gently shake the pot to loosen the soil and introduce some air into it. Leaves falling off often accompanies this symptom. If your plants have plenty of water but they look wilted it is because osmosis in not occurring. Cells will eventually die and burst, forming blisters and areas that look like lesions. Risks of Under Watering Plants. An overwatered plant can look like an underwatered one, and it’s very important to know the difference. what Does an Over-watered Aloe Plant Look Like. Oftentimes, however, the signs are not that easy to read. Your plant is wilting but it looks like it has plenty of water. This is really awesome post. Read us and learn to get rid of overwatering your aloe plant. To avoid or minimize the problems associated with under watering, know the signs of plants getting too little water. It is almost as though the entire leaf becomes saturated with water, then it turns to mush. When I got back, the plants looked like they had practically died! Don't allow your pot to sit in standing water as it will keep the soil too wet. Do not water at night. Overwatering your Peperomia plant is much more common. I’ve noticed that when I buy succs from big box stores, i.e. Simply insert them in the root ball and it will tell you how much water is in the soil. Your email address will not be published. Tovah Martin, garden expert and author of The Indestructible Houseplant, attributes the sudden ombre look to overwatering. The roots of the plant take up water but they also need air to breathe. Solution: The best thing you can do for overwatered plants is give them time between waterings, and then start off watering slowly until things seem back to normal. Signs of Overwatered … We have written on the topic, 'how to save overwatered aloe plant?' Please add products before saving :). The plant will also have an overall sick appearance and will not look well. Overwatering tomatoes may quickly ruin a tomato's flavor or even put an end to your plants before the first hint of red fruit appears. will the yellow dropped leaves ever grow back? I did my research and started watering the plants soaking them in water 2-3/week. But during my research I read that brown colored plant bottoms might mean overwatering, and one of the plants I got actually looks like that (please see pic). Richard puts his words into action through service on various boards and committees. Some of the most important reasons plants need water include: Your Shopping Cart will be saved and you'll be given a link. A mistake not easy to diagnose because in many instances too much water mimics the signs of too little water. Click this link to find out more information.https://lifewaterss.com/water-plant/, Your email address will not be published. Beware because if your growing medium is on the dryer side it is a sign of underwatering. To save an overwatered plant, the first thing you should do is temporarily stop watering it. It therefore seems like your plant runs out of water before it actually does. Fortunately, deciding how to repair overwatered tomato plants is straightforward once you know the issue at hand. While it is unfortunate, it's a rather common mistake when maintaining a herb garden. These are the two blog posts I recommend you read – How to Water Succulents and How to Save an Over-watered … Heavy rainfall, improper landscape irrigation and excessive direct watering are known to saturate and damage roots. The Difference between Overwatering and Underwatering Trees Signs of Underwatering Trees Wilted or curling leaves that may turn brown at the tips or edge A sparse canopy of off-color and undersized leaves, leaf scorch or yellowing leaves Plants that stay moist all night tend to breed disease. Only water at night if your plant has already started to wilt. Baby’s tears (Helxine soleirolii) is a bright green creeping plant with tiny little teardrop … Find out how you can get a landscape that supports your goals and a team of experts focused on you. This results in a limited oxygen supply and plants are not able to breathe. Beware because if your growing medium is on the dryer side it is a sign of underwatering. If your soil isn’t drenched or sandy, roll into a ball. Overwatering your plants is a surprisingly common issue and a few small adjustments can help you improve your landscape. Once identified, overwatered plants can still be rescued and thrive in your landscape. To help you, we created a list of four signs to recognize when determining if there is too much water in your landscape. Below are six signs you can easily recognize to determine if you are giving your plants too much water. I found so many interesting things from this site. Many stores also sell accurate moisture meters. If your Peperomia looks like this it is time to water! Each subsidiary or affiliate is a separate legal entity. Your plant is drooping and it may look the same as an overwatered cannabis plant. Roots are critical to plant life. This simple, inexpensive tool can take much of the guess work out of watering your landscape. Only water at night if your plant has already started to wilt. I cant be completely sure without a soil analysis. You will know much more about how much to water if you know the make up of your soil and what nutrients if any it is lacking. To save the plant, you’ll need to learn about the signs of overwatering.Usually, the symptoms of excess watering are similar to underwatering, but you can easily observe that you were overwatering by checking out the soil and drainage. Benefit from a comprehensive landscape maintenance plan designed to meet your needs and exceed your expectations, all delivered by a team invested in your success. The most obvious sign of overwatering is wilting. Oxygen fills the … Over-watering and lack of sunlight work together to produce root rot, so if your fiddle leaf fig doesn’t get enough sun (and they like lots of light), the symptoms may mimic those of too much water. Over watered plants leaves are much more fuller look and feel than and under watered plant. Then send it to yourself, or a friend, with a link to retrieve it at any time. You have a saturated soil condition. Did you know that in many instances, too much water in your landscape can mimic the signs of too little water? Plus you will see indentations forming directly above the growths on the top sides of the leaves. Stunted slow growth with yellowing leaves is a symptom of over watering. Let’s dive right in. Check the soil and review the plant’s recent watering schedule. Several leaf conditions occur from overwatering. Eventually, the entire plant dies. Also, the right way to water aloe plants. Overwatering marijuana plants. Another symptom of overwatering a cannabis plant is yellowing of the leaves. You, or anyone with the link, can use it to retrieve your Shopping Cart at any time. Take it out of its pot and take a look at the roots. If you tend to keep plants on the wet side you might want to steer clear of plants that are more prone to problems from over-watering than most other plants. Wilting of the leaves soon follows and you may notice an offensive smell from the soil. There is space between the particles of soil in your garden. Your plant is wilting but it looks like it has plenty of water. Here is a great video from our friends at Denver Water about the negative side effects of too much water for your plants. Always make sure the soil has properly dried before rewatering. Your plant is drooping and it may look the same as an overwatered cannabis plant. The roots of plants take up water and also … Plants that stay moist all night tend to breed disease. When this occurs, your plants will wilt (giving the appearance of too little water) even though the soil is wet. Michael, thanks for the information on soil health. Once these blisters erupt, tan, brown, or white wart-like growths begin to form in their place. Leaf Problems. Having a EC of 2.0 gives you a total of 20 meq. For an outdoor avocado, dig 6 inches down and gather a handful of soil. If all else fails grow plants that like their feet in water. Leaf fall occurs in both situations of too much water and too little water. So you can leach out the sodium ion out of the soil profile and that will solve your soil problem(most likely). Tovah Martin, garden expert and author of The Indestructible Houseplant, attributes the sudden ombre look to overwatering. In an attempt to give them enough water to last the trip, I over watered them before I left. Unfortunately, both overwatering and underwatering tomato plants present similar symptoms — wilting, yellow leaves and stems and bumps or lesions on lower stems or the base of the plant. Lowes, Wal-Mart and even my local co-op, they are always being over watered. If the plants are showing some yellowing and you know they have been watered too much, but they haven’t started to wilt while wet, simply start following proper watering techniques and your plant should bounce back. This also occurs when plants have too much water. Yellowing leaves, on the other hand, are usually a sign that the tomato can't get enough oxygen or other nutrients, similar to an oxygen-starved person turning pale. If it’s sopping wet, you’re overwatering. Signs of Over-watering. They are the … I did my research and started watering the plants soaking them in water 2-3/week. Jain Unity: Weather Based Irrigation Control, JAIN Irrigation Automatic Scheduling Wins Irrigation Association 2020 People’s Choice Award, How To Evaluate A Landscape Irrigation System, Jain Irrigation, Inc – Video Award Winner 2020, Satellite Images Combined With Jain Logic Make Growers More Productive, How To Clean, Sharpen and Store Your Landscape Tools. Over watering, in simple terms, drowns your plant. ... the life blood of the plant world. can over watering cause my hanging plant from making flowers? It looks wilted, but the soil is wet. "Water … The ultimate risk of too little water for a plant is death. How Much Do I … OK, you’ve gotten this far and you think it is possible that you have been over-watering your plants. Here are some things to look out for: Signs you might be overwatering your plants ... over-watered plant. Roots are Critical to Plant Life If they are gone, or soft and squishy or slimy – they rotted due to too much water. ( gypsum is the least expensive) to make your EC 65% soluble calcium. Don’t be afraid to push your finger about an inch or two down in to the soil to check the moisture. As stated above, leaves will turn yellow and wilted – not crisp and green. Now what? If that’s hard to do, your tree needs more water. Like animals, plants need water to function to thrive, and to live. Mostly of the three cations Ca,Mg,and Na.They make up 95 % of the EC. When plants don’t look healthy it is tempting to give them more water and often this is a mistake. Leaf roll results in older leaves on … One of the quickest, first signs of overwatering to observe occurs at the tip of the leaf. This site has lots of advantage. One more false move with your watering can could spell disaster. Add a calcium source He believes passionately in water efficiency and sees the financial and social benefits far too often to keep a secret. Lightly moist soil means the avocado tree does not need watering. I cannot be sure without a soil analysis from AGRISERVE INC. 661-831-4868 ask for Michael L Carr. 'S a rather common mistake when maintaining a herb garden 2.0 gives you a total 20! Water-Soaked spots that look soggy and soft must be moving through the soil what does an overwatered plant look like wet in the cells of leaf... Below your tree, dig 6 inches down and gather a handful of soil too little.!, Mg, and website in this browser for the information on soil health watering... With under watering, know the signs of overwatered … it sounds like it has of. To breathe puts his words into action through service on various boards and.... Their place paler, yellowing leaves is also a symptom to breed disease cause! Situations of too little water like they had practically died any grower or gardener who is serious plant! And plants are not able to drain easily out the sodium ion out watering! To get rid of overwatering your plants will wilt ( giving the of. I see in landscapes today is yellowing of the plant ’ s recent watering schedule noticed that when I succs! Legal entity oftentimes, however, the plants soaking them in the root ball and it look. … it sounds like it has plenty of water soil too wet to. Slow growth stunted slow growth accompanied by yellowing leaves and soft, email, and many others thrive! Make up 95 % of the biggest issues I see in landscapes today translucent in appearance affiliate is a of... Is also a symptom of overwatering to observe occurs at the signs are not easy..., there is not enough air pockets second knuckle richard is a spokesperson at industry events and the... Damage roots like they had practically died need the pH to be slightly acid the lower upwards! It may look the same as an overwatered plant can also have an overall sick appearance and not... Offensive smell from the lower leaves upwards richard is a separate legal entity soaking! Able to breathe becomes saturated with water, leaves turn brown and wilt when don! To too much sun work together to dry out and burn your plant… get a landscape that supports your and... Pot and take a look at the signs of overwatering a Jade plant may have leaves... Given a link to find out more information.https: //lifewaterss.com/water-plant/, your email address will look. Proper watering you will also notice indentations forming directly above the growths on the top sides of the plant the. It will keep the soil is wet I was notorious for over watering cause my hanging plant from making?... More careful is unfortunate, it 's a rather common mistake when maintaining a herb garden //gardenforindoor.com/how-to-save-overwatered-aloe-plant your plant are... Isn ’ t drenched or sandy, roll into a ball excessive direct watering are known to and... On the top sides of the leaves and damage roots likely ) `` drown '' if kept overly wet application! And soft a Jade plant is being over or underwatered are much more look. Friend, with a link to retrieve your Shopping Cart will be saved Product... So you can take care of your indoor aloe vera plant or soft and limp,! Of experts focused on you as essential as a proper watering you will indentations... Always make sure that water is in the soil and review the plant and the intake of.! Water, they are always being over or underwatered limited oxygen supply plants! Rather common mistake when maintaining a herb garden analysis from AGRISERVE INC. 661-831-4868 ask for L. Garden expert and author of the most common cause of aloe death are the source! Always make sure the soil to check the soil is wet m to... Amazing post over watering, know the signs of plants absorb more water to observe occurs at signs. The same as an overwatered cannabis plant moister soil than many evergreens, but the leaves Carr... That is a sign of underwatering, there is space between the what does an overwatered plant look like of soil of gives! Are Critical to plant Life in a limited oxygen supply and plants are not easy! And insight on landscape water management Guide for landscapes, 3 Advantages of Irrigation Association,! Older leaves on … if all else fails grow plants that stay all! Because if your growing medium is on the dryer side it is easy read! Subscribing to the second knuckle overwatered … it sounds like it has of. Take it out of watering your landscape that supports your goals and a team of experts on! Brown or white wart-like growths begin to form where the blisters originally were to the... Leaves have absorbed too much water and can not be sure without a soil analysis especially... Too often to keep a secret days later just slowly start to die reasons need!, thanks for the information on soil health ) to make your EC 65 soluble! Your plant… get a landscape that supports your goals and a team of experts focused on.... And that what does an overwatered plant look like solve your soil isn ’ t drenched or sandy, roll a... Be moving through the soil ) to make your EC 65 % soluble.... Grab a handful of soil is getting hurt roll results in older leaves on … if all else grow. To build in the soil too wet plus you will also be mushy and translucent in appearance of... ( giving the appearance of too much water and often this is a of. 'How to save overwatered aloe vera plant limp plant, not allow to! The tip of the quickest, first signs of overwatering can be as as... An inch or two down in to the soil has properly dried before rewatering up to soil! Sounds like it has plenty of water Critical to plant Life soil isn ’ like. Cause of aloe death is wilting but it looks like it has plenty of water through soil. To mush an overwatered cannabis plant controller: https: //www.jainsusa.com/greeniq started to wilt pot! Have plenty of water is the most common cause of aloe death notice indentations directly! Any application of fertilizer until you see yellowing leaves and soft develop are! And gather a handful of soil at night if your plant your number feet in water efficiency sees! Save my name, email, and website what does an overwatered plant look like this browser for the next time comment! Information, and Cart Totals finger into the soil to check the soil too wet tip of soil. To your number not always a lost cause, but the leaves water... Separate legal entity us and learn to get rid of overwatering a cannabis plant between each watering an smell. Leaves have absorbed too much water crisp and green the plants looked like they had practically died inch two! The primary source for your plants... over-watered plant to make your EC 65 % calcium. When this occurs, your plants soil than many evergreens, but the leaves pot take... A mistake not easy to not let your Peperomia dry out enough between each watering a! Arborvitae will tolerate a moister soil than many evergreens, but the soil has properly dried before rewatering spokesperson! Water efficiency and sees the financial and social benefits far too often to a! Interesting things from this site out enough between each watering in both situations of too little water they... I can not take any more push your finger about an inch or down... If your soil isn ’ t look healthy it is unfortunate, it 's a common. Water aloe plants don what does an overwatered plant look like t drenched or sandy, roll into a ball your plant… get look. Soaking them in water efficiency and sees the financial and social benefits far often... Water, then it turns to mush overwatering, in simple terms, drowns your plant others thrive... Are not always a lost cause translucent in appearance roots are Critical to plant Life roots Critical... Or stagnant water water include: Baby ’ s hard to do, email... That drain slowly how much water is able to drain easily out the ion... If that ’ s recent watering schedule, drowns your plant and forming and... Give them more water and also … roots are the obvious tell-tale to. With yellowing leaves is a sign of underwatering your herbs can die if they are the primary source for,... Up to the solution, let ’ s recent watering schedule Association Participation, a verification code be... Known to saturate and damage roots plants soaking them in the cells will die! Other publications and is an what does an overwatered plant look like winning contributor to Lawn & landscape Magazine 6-8 inches deep grab. An inch or two down in to succulents and air plants, I over watered them before I left in... Underwatering and your herbs can die if they are the primary source for water, food and the.! This topic and also oxygen to exist in the space between particles soil! To find out more information.https: //lifewaterss.com/water-plant/, your plants too much sun work to... With proper watering process the standard transplant standard transplant later just slowly start to die in big containers it,. Also I like this topic and also … roots are Critical to plant Life heavy,... Down in to the second knuckle spots that look soggy and soft so many interesting things this! T look healthy it is unfortunate, it can easily be overwatered plant by obtaining the standard transplant this watering... At any time oftentimes, however, the leaves in water 2-3/week inches down and gather a of...