Medical futility: predicting outcome of intensive care unit patients by nurses and doctors-a prospective comparative study. (1985). The Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements by the American Nurses Association (ANA) is the presiding code of ethics for nurses in the U.S. (2014). Conversely, this may undermine Mr. Logan’s trust in the physician as well as the nurse (Provision 1.2: Relationships with patients). Each day, situations arise for nurses that require both decision and action, and may include ethical dilemmas. The process for the most recent revision began with an initial review by the ANA Ethics Advisory board of the current Code provisions and interpretive statements, the International Council of Nurses (ICN) code (ICN, 2012), and the codes of other health professions such as pharmacy, occupational therapy, social work, medicine, physical therapy, and public health. Citation: Peter, E., (January 31, 2018) "Overview and Summary: Ethics in Healthcare: Nurses Respond" OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing Vol. American Association of Critical Care Nurses. Thus, it is clear that the organizational ethics aspects of healthcare are important factors for nurses. On a clinical level, ethical questions arise every day. (2008). The authors of this OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing topic identify multiple aspects of nurses’ moral agency that allow nurses to respond to the ethical concerns in their work. Advances in Nursing Science, 30(1): 81-88. (2001). The first formal Code for Professional Nurses was adopted in 1950 and was edited slightly before being revised in 1960 (Fowler, 1997). An overview of this process below illustrates the intentional considerations inherent to the revision, the opportunities for nurse participation at all levels, and the impact that nurses have toward the final product. 23, No. Registered nurses’ perceptions of moral distress and ethical climate. It is useful here first to consider the history of nursing as it pertains to ethics. Using Rest’s (1986) Four Component Model, which describes the elements of ethical sensitivity, judgment, motivation and action, these authors astutely describe how this concern can be addressed in an ethical manner. Hobbes, T. 1588-1679 (1950). For many professions, this is done with a code of ethics. Thus, for many years, nurses had no formalized code of ethics and used Gretter’s Nightingale Pledge, akin to medicine’s Hippocratic Oath, to guide their practice (ANA, n.d.). The revision process led to several significant changes in the 2015 Code of Ethics. Using a placebo to treat Mr. Logan’s pain without his consent is inappropriate for the same reasons and is not in keeping with current guidelines for pain management. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Quality of Health Care in America (2001). Purtilo, R. (2005). CiteScore values are based on citation counts in a range of four years (e.g. Beth Epstein, PhD, RN is an Associate Professor of Nursing at the University of Virginia (UVA) School of Nursing and is also a member of the faculty of the Center for Bioethics and Humanities at the UVA School of Medicine in Charlottesville, VA. She attended the University of Rochester in Rochester, NY for her BS in Biochemistry and then UVA for her MS in Pharmacology, BSN, and PhD in Nursing. She was a flight nurse and achieved the rank of Colonel. These included the widespread use of social media and resultant threats to privacy; use of emerging technologies throughout healthcare; growing importance of inter-professional collaboration; a stronger and more direct consideration of social justice as a core value; and an inclusion of global health responsibilities of the profession. (1926). Table 1 provides a timeline of the most recent Code revision process. Peter, E. (2011). In their analysis of the moral habitability of the nursing work environment, Peter et al. Chicago: Health Administration Press/Association of University Programs in Health Administration. 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