Inside of him were bags containing jade, bones and amulets to give life to the god. Conoce México, sus tradiciones y costumbres, pueblos mágicos, zonas arqueológicas, playas y hasta la comida mexicana. ... Templo Mayor, México D.F. Uno a uno, los gobernantes de México-Tenochtitlan dejaron como testimonio de su devoción una nueva etapa constructiva sobre aquella pirámide. 3 Páginas ⢠1096 Visualizaciones. [24], The museum of the Templo Mayor was built in 1987 to house the Templo Mayor Project and its finds—a project which continues work to this day. They are salty, very crunchy, and taste slightly like Fritos. Para la mejor vista de nuestra página web, use su dispositivo en forma horizontal. 27-feb-2020 - Explora el tablero de Javier Ramon "Templo mayor" en Pinterest. A lo largo del siglo XX los arqueólogos fueron descubriendo la ubicación exacta del Templo Mayor de los mexicas, el sagrado edificio que fuera destruido tras la conquista de la metrópoli indígena, y cuyos restos habían permanecido ocultos durante cuatro siglos bajo los cimientos de las construcciones virreinales y decimonónicas del centro de nuestra ciudad capital. He ordered a Catholic cross placed on the Templo Mayor. To enter this main room, one had to pass through an entrance guarded by two large sculpted representations of these warriors. This stage is considered to have the richest of the architectural decorations as well as sculptures. The northern half represented Tonacatepetl, the mountain home of Tlaloc. These locations served as a place for the reenactment of the mythical conflict. En tales combates los guerreros mexicas encaminaban a los primeros hacia su muerte, atemorizando los corazones de espectadores y visitantes. Nine of these were built in the 1930s, and four dated from the 19th century, and had preserved colonial elements. Room 5 is dedicated to Tlaloc, the other principal deity of the Aztecs and one of the oldest in Mesoamerica. [5], From 1978 to 1982, specialists directed by archeologist Eduardo Matos Moctezuma worked on the project to excavate the Temple. Para el tiempo de los mexicas, esta divinidad representaba al viento que atraía las lluvias y producía anualmente el ciclo de la agricultura, de ahí que la pirámide consagrada a su culto, conocida como la “casa del viento” y orientada hacia el este, tuviera una forma peculiar: su fachada era de planta cuadrangular, mientras que su parte posterior, de planta circular, servía para sustentar un templo de forma cilíndrica cubierto por un techo de paja a manera de un gran cono. Con la llegada de los españoles a Tenochtitlan, la enorme mayoría de los objetos de oro en circulación terminó en los crisoles. Museo del Templo Mayor can be crowded, so we recommend booking e-tickets ahead of time to secure your spot. [5], Most of what is known about this temple is based on the historical record. México antiguo. The Templo Mayor was first constructed in the reign of Itzcoatl (r. 1427-1440 CE), improved upon by his successor Motecuhzoma I (r. 1440-1469 CE), and again enlarged during the reign of Ahuitzotl (r. 1486-1502 CE). Cuando ocurría un movimiento contrario, el juego se detenía y se decapitaba a un jugador, con lo cual se evitaba la inminente destrucción del universo. Cue Avalos, Lourdes. Debido a lo anterior, una de las deidades principales, que alcanzó una jerarquía similar a la de Huitzilopochtli, fue Tláloc. The museum has four floors, three of which are for permanent exhibitions and the fourth houses offices for the director, museum administration and research staff. El recinto contaba con tres accesos mayores, a manera de entradas, en sus lados norte, oeste y sur; de ellos salían las principales calzadas que conectaban a la ciudad con tierra firme. The first temple was begun by the Aztecs the year after they founded the city, and the temple was rebuilt six times. [8] The Templo Mayor and Sacred Precinct were demolished and a Spanish church, later the main cathedral, was built on the western half of the precinct. [14], After the fall of Tenochtitlan in 1521, the lands controlled by the Aztecs became part of the Spanish empire. These offerings were placed accompanied by complex rituals following set temporal, spatial and symbolic patterns, depending on the intention of the offering. EL TEMPLO MAYOR: DESCUBRIMIENTO DEL ⦠Etapas II A VII Templo Mayor. Este era un conjunto palaciego que funcionaba como escuela para los hijos del estamento nobiliario, donde se preparaba a los futuros funcionarios del gobierno, a los supremos sacerdotes y a los grandes dirigentes de la milicia. When word of the massacre spread throughout the city, the people turned on the Spaniards, killing seven, wounding many, and driving the rest back to their quarters. El sitio se conoce como Templo Mayor, debido a que en este lugar se encuentran los restos del que fue el edificio principal de la antigua ciudad de Tenochtitlan. Sólo los sacerdotes y las víctimas del sacrificio podían ascender por aquellas escalinatas y llegar a la cúspide del templo, desde donde se podía contemplar la ciudad-isla en todo su esplendor. The aztec Empire and the Role of Violence in civilization, Beacon Press, Boston, 1999 A ello se debe que cada vez que querían agrandarlo, se construía un nuevo edificio sobre el anterior conservando las mismas características fundamentales, es decir, dos capillas en la cúspide y escalinata doble en la fachada principal. A chacmool was uncovered as well. Here are displayed the first finds associated with the temple, from the first tentative finds in the 19th century to the discovery of the huge stone disk of Coyolxauhqui, which initiated the Templo Mayor Project. Significado. [9], The excavated site consists of two parts: the temple itself, exposed and labeled to show its various stages of development, along with some other associated buildings, and the museum, built to house the smaller and more fragile objects. El proceso de confección de la figura, llevado a cabo anualmente, concluía con su vestido y ornamentación mediante tocados de plumas y textiles muy elaborados, y con la colocación de una máscara y un colgante de oro que daban su identidad a la efigie del dios solar. [17], The various levels of the Temple also represent the cosmology of the Aztec world. [8], On 14 November 1519, Cortes seized the emperor Moctezuma II and ordered the destruction of all the religious relics of the Aztecs. Therefore, digging down through this temple takes us back in time. [4], The Zócalo, or main plaza of Mexico City today, was developed to the southwest of this archeological site, which is located in the block between Seminario and Justo Sierra streets. [7] This was based on the archeological work done at the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th. Para los mexicas, el Templo Mayor ocupaba el centro del universo y por esa razón no podía ser cambiado de lugar. Games were played barefoot, and players used their hips to move a heavy ball to stone rings. A staircase with eight stone standard-bearers is from this stage bearing the glyph with the year Four-Reed (1431) These standard bearers act as "divine warriors" guarding the access to the upper shrines. 10 - 32. A principios del siglo XVI el recinto sagrado abarcaba una gran extensión de aproximadamente 400 metros por lado. 100 años del templo mayor: historia de un descubrimiento. Sabemos que la escultura de Huitzilopochtli se modelaba con semillas de amaranto, y que en su interior se colocaban unas bolsas que contenían jades, huesos y amuletos que le daban vida a la imagen. El edificio consistía en un patio con dos cabezales y un pasillo central, cuya planta se asemejaba a la letra “I”. Su objetivo principal era dar protección y al destinar tierras a los mexicanos, éstos tendrían que ayudar como mercenarios en las guerras de expansión de los tepanecas de Azcapotzalco, además de pagar un tributo en diversos productos. The field was located west of the Templo Mayor, near the twin staircases and oriented east–west. [4] Cortés, who had ordered the destruction of the existing capital, had a Mediterranean-style city built on the site. Se trata, por un lado, del llamado Palacio de los Guerreros Águila, y por otro, de un conjunto aún no identificado que probablemente se trate del Palacio de los Guerreros Jaguar. [9], To excavate, 13 buildings in this area had to be demolished. En los lados norte y sur del Templo Mayor los arqueólogos han encontrado evidencias de conjuntos palaciegos decorados con la representación de procesiones de guerreros y otros elementos de tradición tolteca. It is a large L-shaped room with staircases decorated with sculptures of eagle heads. Widespread throughout the entire population, this practice was performed by perforating certain fleshy parts of the body—such as the earlobes, lips, tongue, chest, calves, et cetera—with obsidian blades, agave needles or bone perforators. The Templo Mayor (Spanish for "[the] Greater Temple") was the main temple of the Mexica peoples in their capital city of Tenochtitlan, which is now Mexico City.Its architectural style belongs to the late Postclassic period of Mesoamerica.The temple was called the HuÄyi TeÅcalli [we:Ëi teoËËkali] in the Nahuatl language. Leonardo López Luján. Sitio oficial del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Sin embargo, en 1913, las excavaciones de don Manuel Gamio en la esquina de Seminario y Santa Teresa (hoy Guatemala), dejaron al descubierto una esquina del Templo Mayor. México: INAH. These artifacts are now housed in the Templo Mayor Museum. [4], The push to fully excavate the site did not come until late in the 20th century. Por ello, y con el transcurrir del tiempo, aquel sagrado edificio, “hogar de Huitzilopochtli”, tuvo la forma de una pirámide doble, la cual sustentaba en su cúspide dos habitaciones que funcionaban como los adoratorios máximos de ambas deidades. Templo Mayor. 2014. However, the discovery did not generate great public interest in excavating further, because the zone was an upper-class residential area. La escasez de lluvia y el sacrificio de niños. [10][17], The sacred ballcourt and skull rack were located at the foot of the stairs of the twin temples, to mimic, like the stone disk, where Huitzilopochtli was said to have placed the goddess' severed head. Etapas II A VII Templo Mayor. Representing fire and water respectively, this pair of deities probably symbolized the concept of "burning water," a metaphor for warfare. Its architectural style belongs to the late Postclassic period of Mesoamerica. His shrine at the temple was the most important and largest. El Templo Mayor, arquitectura prehispánica en la Ciudad de México, Si tienes la oportunidad de quedarte un tiempo en la colonia Condesa, con fines vacacionales, tal vez desees conocer uno de los lugares mas valiosos para comprender la historia antigua de la Ciudad de México. It was so named because it was slightly elevated over the rest of the neighborhood and, during flooding, street dogs would congregate there. This page was last edited on 17 November 2020, at 05:15. The entire building was originally covered with stucco and polychrome paint. One of the best preserved and most important is the Palace (or House) of the Eagle Warriors. Room 1 is dedicated to the goddesses Coatlicue and Coyolxauhqui, mother and sister to Huitzlipochtli, respectively. Leopoldo Batres did some excavation work at the end of the 19th century under the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral because at the time, researchers thought the cathedral had been built over the ruins of the temple. The Spaniards were trapped between two Aztec forces and 68 were captured alive. Según la tradición, el Templo Mayor se construyó justo en el sitio donde los peregrinos de Aztlán encontraron el sagrado nopal que crecía en una piedra, y sobre el cual se posaba un águila con las alas extendidas al sol, devorando una serpiente. Ten of these Spanish captives were immediately sacrificed at the Temple and their severed heads were thrown back to the Spaniards. It was at the time the largest and most important active ceremonial center. It received 801,942 visitors in 2017. Este estaba acompañado de sus parientes más cercanos. Durante la celebración del juego —llamado “ulama” porque la pelota estaba hecha de hule—, los jugadores, que adquirían un carácter astral, golpeaban el esférico con las caderas (aunque había otro tipo de canchas donde la pelota se movía mediante golpes con el antebrazo). El templo de Ehécatl, deidad del viento que barría los cielos y atraía la lluvia, se encontraba frente al adoratorio de Tláloc, âdeidad fecunda que residía en el Templo Mayor» explicó el arqueólogo Raúl Barrera, supervisor del Programa de Arqueología Urbana (PAU), del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia ⦠Conoce su historia aquí. Ver más ideas sobre Historia de mexico, Templo, México tenochtitlan. Dado que el panteón indígena era muy amplio, pues se divinizaba a cada una de las fuerzas de la naturaleza, poco a poco el espacio sagrado alrededor de la pirámide doble se fue poblando con numerosos edificios que sirvieron de aposento a dichas deidades. In 1991, the Urban Archeology Program was incorporated as part of the Templo Mayor Project whose mission is to excavate the oldest area of the city, around the main plaza. Goupil, ParisAncienne Collection J. M. A. Aubin. These are found under floors; in platforms, architectural bodies, stairways and in temples. The Temple of Quetzalcoatl was located to the west of the Templo Mayor. Despite being found in fragile pieces, they were both reconstructed and are on display at the on-site museum. The upper one is a frieze with undulating serpents in bas-relief. De acuerdo con los relatos de los conquistadores, la decoración de este templo consistía en la figura de una serpiente emplumada (el nombre de la deidad), cuyas fauces abiertas constituían el acceso mismo a su adoratorio. El recinto del Templo Mayor albergaba no sólo el templo doble dedicado a Tláloc y Huitzilopochtli, el cual puede ser admirado hoy en día. The sacrificed Spaniards were flayed and their faces – with beards attached – were tanned and sent to allied towns, both to solicit assistance and to warn against betraying the alliance. [12] Huitzilopochtli emerged from his mother Coatlicue fully grown and fully armed to battle his sister Coyolxauhqui and her brothers the Centzon Huitznahua who intended to kill him and their mother. [16], According to tradition, the Templo Mayor is located on the exact spot where the god Huitzilopochtli gave the Mexica people his sign that they had reached the promised land: an eagle on a nopal cactus with a snake in its mouth. Sala 4 is dedicated to the god Huitzilopochtli. 3 Páginas ⢠2903 Visualizaciones. Adjoining this palace is the temple for these warriors—also known as the Red Temple. En la superficie de este se llevarían a efecto, más tarde, una serie de combates cuerpo a cuerpo entre los prisioneros enemigos y los guerreros mexicas, evento al cual había sido invitado. Her body was then thrown to the bottom of the hill. De esa manera, el visitante pudo admirar por vez primera aquel espectacular centro del que en su lejano pueblo sólo escuchara múltiples y asombrosas narraciones. [4], On the sides of the Templo Mayor, archeologists have excavated a number of palatial rooms and conjoining structures. [5] The site is part of the Historic Center of Mexico City, which was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1987. Lo anterior quedó plenamente corroborado con las excavaciones que siguieron al hallazgo casual de la escultura de Coyolxauhqui y que hoy conocemos como Proyecto Templo Mayor. Fue descubierto en 1978, [â¦] This room contains various images of the god usually worked in green or volcanic stone or in ceramic. Archaeologist Eduardo Matos Moctezuma, in his essay "Symbolism of the Templo Mayor," posits that the orientation of the temple is indicative of the total vision that the Mexica had of the universe (cosmovision). All seven stages of the Templo Mayor, except the first, have been excavated and assigned to the reigns of the emperors who were responsible for them. Bonifaz Nuño, Rubén: El Arte del Templo Mayor. [4][5][7], The third temple was built between 1427 and 1440 during the reign of Itzcoatl. [7], In his description of the city, Cortés records that he and the other Spaniards were impressed by the number and magnificence of the temples constructed in Tenochtitlan, but that was tempered by this disdain for their beliefs and human sacrifice. The temple was called the Huēyi Teōcalli [we:ˈi teoːˈkali][1] in the Nahuatl language. Para amalgamar las semillas de amaranto, éstas se mezclaban con miel y sangre humana. [3][4], The Calmecac was a residence hall for priests and a school for future priests, administrators and politicians, where they studied theology, literature, history and astronomy. Fray Bernardino de Sahagún reported that the Sacred Precinct had 78 buildings; the Templo Mayor towered above all of them. Tlaloc. [3], The Temple of the Sun was located west of the Templo Mayor also and its remains lie under the Metropolitan Cathedral. También estaban ahí la llamada Casa de las Águilas, el Templo de Ehécatl, el Tzompantli, el Juego de Pelota y el Calmecac, entre otras edificaciones. The temple was destroyed by the Spanish in 1521 to make way for the new cathedral. [5], The seventh and last temple is what Hernán Cortés and his men saw when they arrived to Tenochtitlan in 1519. Precisamente, durante las fiestas del mes indígena de Panquetzaliztli, dedicado al ceremonial de Huitzilopochtli, el clímax de la fiesta consistía en la repartición del cuerpo de amaranto, miel y sangre entre todo el pueblo. Un lugar especial en el recinto sagrado lo ocupaba la cancha del juego de pelota, el Huey Tlachco, situado frente a la entrada poniente. Gran templo en el centro ceremonial de Tenochtitlan, la capital del reino de los aztecas. During excavations, more than 7,000 objects were found, mostly offerings including effigies, clay pots in the image of Tlaloc, skeletons of turtles, frogs, crocodiles, and fish; snail shells, coral, some gold, alabaster, Mixtec figurines, ceramic urns from Veracruz, masks from what is now Guerrero state, copper rattles, and decorated skulls and knives of obsidian and flint. Con la llegada de los españoles a Tenochtitlan, la enorme mayoría de los objetos de oro en circulación terminó en los crisoles. http://www.pulsoslp.com.mx Un recorrido por el pasado en el Templo Mayor del Distrito Federal. Templo Mayor es la denominación en español de huey teocalli, el gran templo en la capital azteca de Tenochtitlan, fundada en el año 1325, que fue conquistada y destruída por los españoles en 1521.El poder colonial erigió sobre sus ruinas una nueva ciudad, por lo que durante muchos siglos el santuario principal de los aztecas quedó olvidado. Sculptures, flint knives, vessels, beads and other sumptuary ornaments—as well as minerals, plants and animals of all types, and the remains of human sacrifice—were among the items deposited in offerings. Just over two meters down, the diggers struck a pre-Hispanic monolith. La historia del Templo Mayor es la dualidad de la vida y la muerte, la de los dioses y mitos encabezados por Tláloc y Huitzilopochtli, cuya esencia aún emerge de las ruinas del antiguo centro ceremonial mexica. 4:02. Otras construcciones que el señor de Huexotzingo debió admirar antes de la impresionante celebración a la que había sido invitado, eran el Calmécac. This figure was constructed annually and it was richly dressed and fitted with a mask of gold for his festival held during the Aztec month of Panquetzaliztli. [6], After the destruction of Tenochtitlan, the Templo Mayor, like most of the rest of the city, was taken apart and the area redeveloped by new structures of the Spanish colonial city. 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