However, there has been little research published on the preparation and characterization of phenol formaldehyde resin using alkaline rice straw lignin. Conse-quently, the reactions of the phenolic compounds with formaldehyde were conducted at conditions such that each phenolic compound studied was characterized by the same concentration of its corresponding anion, i.e., The composition of coal-tar pitch with phenol-formaldehyde resin was prepared by homogenization of One of its important applications is as an adhesive for wood-based panels manufacturing. 2.2. Among all of the modification treatments that increase reactive sites in lignin, the phenolation and hydroxymethylation modifications are the most studied and effective for formulation of phenolic resins (Nada et al. 1987; Allan et al. 1989; Sellers et al. 1994; Alonso et al. 2004 and2005; Yang et al. 2014; Podschun et al. 2015; Jiang et al. 2018). /Height 18 Some of the lignins that have been used in phenolic resins are derived from annual plants such as flax (Tejado et al. 2007, 2008), or kenaf (Yan2009), and agricultural waste such as sugar cane bagasse and wheat straw (Hoareau et al. 2006; Ghorbani et al. 2016; Tachon et al. 2016). Yan, T. T., Xu, Y. Q., and Yu, C. W. (2009). 6. FTIR spectrum of lignin raw material. Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of … << Preparation and electrochemical capacitive performance of phenolated calcium lignosulfonate-based phenol formaldehyde resin porous carbon - Volume 33 Issue 9 - … Pulp and Paper Fundamental Research Symposia Proceedings. The increase in viscosity of lignin-phenol formaldehyde resin with higher percent substitutions can be attributed to incorporation of high lignin content with a high molecular weight compared to phenol in the modified phenolic resins. Date of Preparation: 12/14/10 Replaces: 11/29/07 Preparers Name KJ Soltys Section 2. EXAMPLE II. 247-288. /Length 3557 /Subtype /Image (1,7) Phenol is very soluble in water and is quite flammable. The bands at 1455 cm-1 and 1425 cm-1 are due to the asymmetric C-H deformation in –OCH3 groups. 1) (Forss and Fuhrmann1979), (b) the material comes from renewable resources, and (c) it can be used as a macromolecular material without previous treatment (Nimz 1983; Pang et al. 2017). Abstract: To evaluate the e ects of phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin modification on wood cell walls, Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) “Kraft lignin depolymerization in an ionic liquid without a catalyst,” BioResources 10(3), 4933-4946. Melamine-formaldehyde resins constitute the remainder of this class of resins, except for minor amounts of resins that DOI: 10.1016/j.jechem.2017.02.007. Contact information a: Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237. Fig. DOI: 10.1002/app.25098, El Mansouri, N.-E., Yuan, Q., and Huang, F. (2011a). “Characterization of alkaline lignins for use in phenol-formaldehyde and epoxy resins,” BioResources 6(3), 2647-2662. /F2 15 0 R For each studied variable, the analyses of variances were performed, and all the hypothesis tests were carried out at 95% confidence level. Finally, 10 mL of a hydroxylamine-hydrochloride solution (10%, w/w) was added. /Height 18 >> /BitsPerComponent 1 A very fast cure can cause the lost of the final properties of the board. /Mask [1 1 ] The prepared resins were characterized, and the obtained results were discussed according to the specifications of resins applied for plywood manufacturing. These bands are assigned to C=O stretching in unconjugated ketone and carbonyl bond in ester group or in conjugated p-substituted aryl ketone, respectively (Khan and Ashraf 2005).The absorption bands at 1600 cm-1 and 1500 cm-1are assigned to aromatic ring vibrations. Solid content was determined by gravimetry from the weighted amount of resin before and after drying the resin samples at 150 °C for 30 min. (ed. /Width 18 Diagram of the experimental protocol. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ColorSpace [/Indexed /DeviceRGB 1 11 0 R ] Group Members Moazzam Shehzad 2016-PE-01 Asad Aslam 2016-PE-08 Mirza Aqeel 2016-PE-44 Amir Nawaz 2016-PE-50 Umer Abid 2016-PE-54 Rajab Ali 2016-PE-55 5/10/2018 1PSS Presentation University Of Engineering And Technology Lahore 2. The lignin was extracted and its utilization in production of phenolic resin was investigated. (2004). This resin has good chemical resistance, electrical insulation, and dimensional stability, but the price and environmental concerns may limit usage in some applications. Sellers, T., Lora, J. H., and Okuma, M. (1994). All these bands match well with the literature values (Faix 1992). %���� Podschun, J., Saake, B., and Lehnen, R. (2015). Preparation of a Liquid Phenolic Resin Using no Azeotropic Agent. 7. FTIR-spectra of (a) PF, (b) LPF with L=35% (LPF10), and (c) LPF with L=50% (LPF2). The obtained resins were cooled and stored at lower temperature pending to analysis. /Height 19 (2017) confirm a similar trend of increasing viscosities of lignin-based phenolic resins with increasing lignin replacement (Cheng et al. 2013; Siddiqui et al. 2017). Preparation of cardanol–formaldehyde resins from cashew nut shell liquid for the reinforcement of natural rubber Vishtal, A., and Kraslawski, A. By contrast, organosolv lignin, hydrolysis lignin, and soda lignin are produced in minor quantities. Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) is a thermosetting resin that is widely used in many fields. Free formaldehyde was determined by the hydroxylamine hydrochloride method with end-point titration (ISO 9397). FTIR spectroscopy was employed to characterize the structure of the lignin raw material and the prepared modified phenolic resins. /Mask [1 1 ] Lignin is a good candidate to replace phenol in the phenol formaldehyde resins’ formulation because (a) its polyphenolic structure is similar to that of phenolic resin (Fig. (2006). The band at 1018 cm-1 in LPF is characteristic of lignin and is attributed to the C-O of primary alcohol. The bands in the region of 850to750 cm-1 are due to the trisubstituted benzene ring and confirm the formation of a three dimensional network structure. Lignins are currently produced by several pulping and ethanol processes, but only lignosulfonates and kraft lignin are available in large quantities (Gosselink et al. 2004; Vishtal and Kraslawski 2011). Siddiqui, H., Mahmood, N., Yuan, Z., Crapulli, F., Dessbesell, L., Rizkalla, A., Ray, A., and Xu, C. (2017). The band at 1269 cm-1is attributed to in-plane vibration of C-O of the phenolic group present in PF and LPF. ), Springer, Berlin., Heidelberg, 83-109. “Modification of ammonium lignosulfonate by phenolation for use in phenolic resins,” Bioresource Technology 96(9), 1013-1018.DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2004.09.009, Cheng, S., Yuan, Z., Leitch, M., Anderson, M., and Charles, C. (2013). “Lignins for phenol replacement in novolac-type phenolic formulations, part I: Lignophenolic resins synthesis and characterization,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 106(4), 2313-2319. DOI: 10.1002/app.26941, Tejado, A., Kortaberria, G., Pena, C., Blanco, M., Labidi, J., Echeverria, J. M., and Mondragon, I. >> Additionally, hexamine as crosslinking agent was used. /Width 18 %PDF-1.5 “Lignin-based polycondensation resins for wood adhesives,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 103(3), 1690-1699. The bands at 1120 cm-1 is characteristic of aromatic C-H in S units of lignin molecule and the C-O of primary alcohol at 1044 cm-1. /Img3 10 0 R Bands at 2937 cm-1 and 2846 cm-1 are the consequence of in-plane and out-of-plane stretching of aliphatic -CH2-. /Filter /FlateDecode In PF the band at 1155 cm-1 and 1015cm-1 are characteristic for in-plane deformation of aromatic C-H, whereas the band at 1154 cm-1in LPF is attributed to C-H stretching in a syringyl unit and is attributed to presence of lignin. Flexural and compressive mechanical properties,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 107(1), 159-165. A glass flask equipped with a condenser, a thermometer, and an overhead stirrer was charged with the above solution, and then formaldehyde aqueous solution was added according to the molar ratios of formaldehyde to lignin of1.0. x^�������`�b`pDFA��J���� �U� 1. Structure of PF resin and lignin (Forss and Fuhrmann 1979). 4. Estimated response surface for gel time at [F/(P+L)]=2.2, L(%) vs.[S/(P+L)]. The optimum LPF (OLPF) was compared with the commercial LPF (CPF) in terms of chemical, thermal and mechanical properties. Preparation of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin 1. /Width 18 This variable is of interest because of its influence on the resin storage life. Under the trade name Bakelite, a phenol-formaldehyde resin was one of the earliest plastics, invented by American industrial chemist Leo Baekeland and patented in 1909. /XObject << “Co-ordination network for lignin – Standardisation, production and applications adapted to market requirements (EUROLIGNIN),” Industrial Crops and Products 20(2), 121-129. DOI: : 10.1016/j.indcrop.2004.04.015, Hu, L., Pan, H., Zhou, Y., and Zhang, M. (2011). “Methods to improve lignin’s reactivity as a phenol substitute and as replacement for other phenolic compounds: A brief review, “BioResources 6(3), 3515-3525. The reaction was monitored by measuring the viscosity at 25ºC with viscosimeter and halted when the resin viscosities reached 300 to 400 mPas. >> Phenol is a colorless or white solid when it is pure; however, it is usually sold and used as a liquid. DOI: 10.1039/C4RA09595B, Zhao, M., Jing, J., Zhu, Y., Yang, X., Wang, X., and Wang, Z. “Fiberboards based on sugarcane bagasse lignin and fibers,” Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 291(7), 829-839.DOI: 10.1002/mame.200600004, Jiang, X., Liu, J., Du, X., Hu, Z., Chang, H. M., and Jameel, H. (2018). << FTIR spectra were recorded with a Nicolet 5700 FTIR-spectrophotometer, using the KBr pellet method. The analysis of variance reported in Table 3, showed that pH was significantly influenced only by (S/PL) at the p=0.05 significance level. 10 0 obj Keywords: brown-rotted wood, phenol liquefaction, novolak PF resin, molding; Posted Date: September 17, 2012; Modified Date: October 1, 2012 The acquisition conditions were: spectral width of 4000to400 cm-1, 32 accumulations, and 4-cm-1 resolution. endobj Into a 4 liter resin flask, equipped as in Example I, is placed 2250 grams (23.94 moles) of USP phenol and 47 grams (0.377 moles) of potassium hydroxide (45%). Preparation of phenol formaldehyde Resin 5/10/2018 2 3. (2011).”Challenges in industrial applications of technical lignins,”BioResources 6(3), 3547-3568. Ghorbani, M., Liebner, F., van Herwijnen, H. W. G., Pfungen, L., Krahofer, M., Budjav, E., and Konnerth, J. /Mask [1 1 ] “Preparation and performance of lignin-phenol-formaldehyde adhesives,” International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives64, 163-167. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2015.10.010, Zhang, W., Ma, Y., Xu, Y., Wang, C., and Chu, F. (2013). 8 0 obj Preparation of high char-yield phenolic resins S L Jwo, J C Chen, W Y Chen and S E Hsu Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology, Lungtan, Taiwan 32500, Republic of China Phenolic resin synthesized by a formaldehyde/phenol (F/P) molar ratio of 1.3 : 1 vith different catalYsts has been studied. (2017). FTIR spectroscopy analysis showed that the spectra of LPF resins were structurally similar to that of the unmodified PF resin. The low values of free formaldehyde found for the formulated modified phenolic resins are in the same range of those reported in a previous study that reported values 0.02% and 0.12 % (Vazquez et al. 1999). In the case of free formaldehyde content, within the range of the three studied variables, the obtained values for formaldehyde content were lower than 0.2%, which is the maximum value acceptable for environmental reasons. DOI: 10.15376/biores.11.1.1828-1842, Pang, B., Yang, S., Fang, W., Yuan, T. Q., Argyropoulos, D. S., and Sun, R. C. (2017). The modeled response surface (Fig. The mixture was heated for 1 h at 80 °C then rapidly cooled to 65 °C. The process may be carried out as follows A mixture of phenol and formaldehyde are allowed to react in the presence of a … The most typical band of lignin structures is 1600 cm-1. Free Phenol in Resin, %: 3.3 . During pyrolysis of phenol-formaldehyde resins at temperatures below 400°C, CO,, H,O, form- aldehyde, C,, and C3 compounds, and tarry substances that are … 1). Two main pathways have been reported for the preparation of Lignin-phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resin: first, lignin is purified (Wang et al. “Reactivity enhancement of organosolv lignin by phenolation for improved bio-based thermosets,” European Polymer Journal, 67, 1-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.03.029, Roczniak, K., Biernacka, T., and Skarzynski, M. (1983). In this last group, only the soda lignins have a short-term potential for industrial availability. Phenol r\ Formaldehyde hydroxymethylation reaction is proportional to the con-centration of the corresponding phenol anions. In industrial practice, there are two basic methods for making the polymer into useful resins. Preparation and Characterization of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins Modified with Alkaline Rice Straw Lignin, Nour-Eddine El Mansouri,b,c,* Qiaolong Yuan,a and Farong Huanga,*, Keywords: Adhesives; Hydroxymethylation; Lignin; Phenol formaldehyde; Wood panels. This highest wave-number zone do not offer any difference among the three resins analyzed. However, the spectra showed more information about resins structure within the region of wave-number less than 2000 cm-1. A., and Yousef, M. A. Fig. Moreover, the band at 1474 cm-1is not very intensive in both LPF, which indicates that methylolated lignin molecule incorporates hydroxymethyl groups in the LPF (Nada et al. 1997; Alonso et al. 2001).The band observed at 1386 cm-1 in LPF is attributed to lignin, which is assigned to C-O of syringyl unit present in lignin. DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111850, Tachon, N., Benjelloun-Mlayah, B., and Delmas, M. (2016). “Characterization and phenolation of biorefinery technical lignins for lignin-phenol-formaldehyde resin adhesive synthesis,” RSC Advances 4(101), 57996-58004. 2010) and modified to obtain high purity and reactive products, which can be used in the preparation of phenolic resins. This lignin was produced by ShangDong QuanMing Paper Making Co. Ltd. by the alkaline process using sodium hydroxide and Na2CO3from rice straw. Analysis of variance (Table 5) showed that viscosity was significantly influenced by all the studied parameters, and the cross-terms (L(%))*[F/(P+L)] and[F/(P+L)]*[S/(P+L)] at the p=0.05 significance level. Figure 6 shows the FTIR-spectrum of lignin raw material used for resins preparation. They were near to the range of values of the commercial resins used for plywood production, which ranges from 45to47% (Alonso et al. /Type /Page Fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) (also called fiber-reinforced polymer, or fiber-reinforced plastic) is a composite material made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibres.The fibres are usually glass (in fibreglass), carbon (in carbon fiber reinforced polymer), aramid, or basalt.Rarely, other fibres such as paper, wood, or asbestos have been used. Gardziella, A., Pilato, L.A., Knop, A. (2007). Typical mole ratios of formaldehyde to phenol range from 1.2 to 1.9 mol of formaldehyde per mol of phenol. The results obtained for solid content were between 41 and 45%. Thus, the main objective of this work is to prepare and characterize a modified phenol-formaldehyde resins using hydroxymethylated alkaline lignin from rice straw as a substitute of petroleum-based phenol. /BitsPerComponent 1 DOI: 10.15376/biores.10.3.4933-4946, El Mansouri, N. E., Farriol, X., and Salvado, J. DOI: 10.1002/app.2119, Alonso, M. V., Oliet, M., Rodriguez, F., Astarloa, G., and Echeverria, J. M. (2004). The molar ratio of phenol (combination of lignin and phenol or pure lignin) to formaldehyde was … /F3 18 0 R x^�[Ys�~��K��U����՛-Y�S�#9L*Uqx�*J E��_���cf ��%������Y|'WG���_�`v�C�U�]�|8�����4���MQ��엿�o?f�s��ǿ���P�9�r�Ƈ���ߖE���=��(��8����'Go|��G�c��؅�W�m����ˣ+��$�����jUu�'�[�N���=��(��EQ�K鸀���n�1�v������� ���{��(�0Ưa6���w��=�p������ºm��������}�-q��j>��š�;�t*7�����@C�� /�#p�|�1�,�w"���Т�Px/�~p� > (�����(�z��n���W�j��m��'z���E��9��A�a�. The percentage extracted lignin obtained in this studied was 38.1% which indicated the high yield of lignin. ), Wood Adhesives Chemistry and Technology, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. Urea-formaldehyde resins are the most prominent ex-amples of the class of thermosetting resins usually referred to as amino resins.2,3 Urea-formaldehyde resins comprise about 80% of the amino resins produced worldwide. endstream In one method, an excess of formaldehyde is reacted with phenol in the presence of a base catalyst in water solution to yield a low-molecular-weight prepolymer called a resole. “Finnish plywood, particleboard, and fiberboard made with a lignin-base adhesive,” Forest Products Journal 29(7), 39-43. stream << (2006). These differences can provide information as to the structure of methylene bridges. In any case, the high free formaldehyde content can be lower than the desired value by urea addition. The prepared hydroxymethylated lignin was copolymerized with phenol and formaldehyde at 80 ºC in a glass flask equipped with a condenser, a thermometer to control temperature, and an overhead stirrer. Infrared spectra of lignin-based phenol formaldehyde (LPF) resins showed structural similarity with that of PF resin. /BitsPerComponent 1 endobj Table 5.Analysis of Variance for Viscosity at 25 °C, Fig. Ma, Z., Li, S., Qiao, W., and Ren, S. (2016). “Lignins for phenol replacement in novolac-type phenolic formulations. The modified phenol formaldehyde LPF2 and LPF10 with lignin content of 50% and 35%, respectively, were selected to be tested for plywood manufacturing because of their suitable gel time and low free formaldehyde content. “Organosolv-lignin-modified phenolics as strandboard binder .1. /Mask [1 1 ] “Lignin-based wood adhesives,” in: Pizzi, A. Phenolic resins account for a large portion of phenol production. A., de Jong, E., Guran, B., and Abacherli, A. >> Preparation and characterization of a nanolignin phenol formaldehyde resin by replacing phenol partially with lignin nanoparticles Yu Chen, Xiaowu Gong, Gaoshan Yang, Qin Li and Na Zhou * A new strategy for the preparation of a lignin phenol formaldehyde (LPF) resin has been developed. Preparation of PF Resin and Adhesive. /Type /XObject 3 0 obj Preparation and characterization of novolak phenol formaldehyde resin from liquefied brown‐rotted wood. (1997). /Subtype /Image “Use of a methylolated softwood ammonium lignosulfonate as partial substitute of phenol in resol resins manufacture,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 94(2), 643-650. Four different types of technical lignins were studied: Sarkanda grass soda lignin, wheat straw soda lignin, pine kraft lignin, and beech organosolv lignin. The fitted model for pH gave an R2 value of 89.7% and a standard deviation of residuals (SDR) of 0.55. DOI: 10.1002/app.27003, Vázquez, G., Freire, S., Rodríguez-Bona, C., González, J., and Antorrena, G. (1999). For the free formaldehyde content and solid content, the analysis of variances showed no significant dependence on the studied independent variables. “The isolation and characterization of lignin of kenaf fiber,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 114(3), 1896-1901. A lignin‐based phenolic resin was prepared by replacing different amount of lignin with phenol (0, 20, 50, 80, and 100 wt %). stream The obtained methylolated bio-oil (MB) was used to synthesize methylolated bio-oil–phenol formaldehyde (MBPF) resol resins with a phenol substitution ratio of up to 75 wt %. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Mask [1 1 ] Free Formaldehyde in Resin, %: 4.92 . Phenol/formaldehyde resins used to manufacture high-pressure laminates are typically produced by reacting phenol and formaldehyde by means of an alkaline catalyst such as sodium hydroxide [10]. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.10.033, Diop, A., Jradi, K., Daneault, C., and Montplaisir, D. (2015). Preparation and Characterization of Novolak Phenol Formaldehyde Resin from Liquefied Brown-Rotted Wood. In the PF, a band at 3373 cm-1was observed, which shows the presence of OH groups. The prepared resins were characterized according to gel time, solids content, viscosity, and free formaldehyde.The values for these parameters must be in agreement with commercial resins specifications applied for plywood. DOI: 10.15376/biores.6.3.3515-3525, Hoareau, W., Oliveira, F. B., Grelier, S., Siegmund, B., Frollini, E., and Castellan, A. The modeled response surface (Fig. DOI: 10.15376/biores.11.3.5797-5815, Tejado, A., Kortaberria, G., Pena, C., Labidi, J., Echeverria, J. M., and Mondragon, I. /Font << A total of 11lignin-phenol formaldehyde (LPF) resins, as indicated in Table 1,were prepared by varying the replacement percentage of phenol by hydroxymethylated lignin (%L) between 20and50%, the mass ratio of formaldehyde/(phenol+lignin)[F/(P+ L) between 1.8 and 2.6,and the ratio of sodium hydroxide/(phenol plus lignin)[S/(P+L)] between 1.0 and 1.4.A 2x2x2 factorial design with a three repeated central points was applied in order to quantify the effect of those parameters on the resins properties. stream “Development and characterization of a lignin-phenol-formaldehyde wood adhesive using coffee bean shell,” Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 19(6), 493-509. DOI: 10.1163/1568561054352577, Li, J., Zhang, J., Zhang, S., Gao, Q., Li, J., and Zhang, W. (2018). “Structural modification and characterization of lignosulfonate by a reaction in an alkaline medium for its incorporation into phenolic resins,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 102(4), 3286-3292.DOI: 10.1002/app.24744, El Mansouri, N. E., Pizzi, A., and Salvado, J. The structural differences and similarities between the prepared resins were determined by FTIR spectroscopy. 2820 Faucette Dr., Campus Box 8001Raleigh, NC 27695. The pellets were prepared with a mixture of 300 mg potassium bromide and 5-10 mg of analyzed samples. The results of the characterization of modified phenolic resins, including pH, gel time, viscosity at 25 °C, solids content, and free formaldehyde, are recorded in Table 1 together with the experimental conditions. The modeled response surface (Fig. “Lignin phenol formaldehyde resoles: The impact of lignin type on adhesive properties,” BioResources 11(3), 6727-6741. 4 0 obj In fact, the incorporation of a large amount of lignin with a high molecular weight is the main reason for increasing the molecular weight of final resin, thus resulting in higher viscosities for lignin-phenol formaldehyde resins. One of its important applications is as an adhesive for wood-based panels manufacturing. Gai‐Yun Li. Forss, K. G., and Fuhrmann, A. When formaldehyde is used in excess, it is very difficult to reach low values of free formaldehyde in the formulation of lignin-phenol formaldehyde resole resins. endstream DOI:10.15376/biores.11.3.6867-6879. The absence of peaks at 1708 cm-1 and 1646 cm-1 is a characteristic of alkali soluble lignin fractions. To evaluate the feasibility of the achieved lignin replacement, it is necessary to undertake complementary experiments to determine the properties of manufactured plywood from the prepared lignin-based phenolic resins. 7. << Main component of different pyrolysis bio-oil, physical properties of different BPF resins and their plywood specimens were investigated. Similarly, these bands are also present in LPF with 35% and 50% of lignin. /Mask [1 1 ] DOI: 10.1002/app.29881, Yang, S., Wen, J. L., Yuan, T. Q., and Sun, R. C. (2014). Phenol formaldehyde resins (PF) or phenolic resins are synthetic polymers obtained by the reaction of phenol or substituted phenol with formaldehyde.Used as the basis for Bakelite, PFs were the first commercial synthetic resins (plastics).They have been widely used for the production of molded products including billiard balls, laboratory countertops, and as coatings and adhesives. (2005). Table 1. Experimental Conditions and Properties of Synthesized Modified Phenol Formaldehyde Resins. • phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF) of novolac type, of softening point 101.5 C, originating from ‘‘Organika Sarzyna’’ S.A. in Nowa Sarzyna (Poland). “Isolation and characterization of lignin from the oak wood bioethanol production residue for adhesives,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 72, 1056-1062. /ColorSpace [/Indexed /DeviceRGB 1 7 0 R ] Preparation and Characterization of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins Modified with Alkaline Rice Straw Lignin. 4) shows that for [F/(P+L)]=2.2 molar ratio, the gel time increased with increase of lignin content at higher level of ([S/(P+L)]=1.4) molar ratio, and decrease with increase of [S/(P+L)] molar ratio at lower level of lignin replacement (L(%)=20%). Overall, the viscosity values obtained are between 330 and 790 (mPas), and most of the prepared resins have viscosities within the range of 275to425 (mPas) suitable for use in plywood manufacture (Alonso et al. 2004). Bio-oil from the hydrothermal liquefaction of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.) sawdust was methylolated with formaldehyde in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The pH requirements for the resol resins were 9.5 or higher. The higher or lower values indicate a slow or fast curing reaction, respectively. Preparation of EHL–PF resin. Research for wood adhesives Chemistry and Engineering 6 ( 3 ), 6727-6741 -PFs are by. 10 ( 3 ), 1073-1078 the concentrations of 15 %, the final pH of the board plywood were. Corresponding phenol anions included between 8and10 min used, which resulted in a final pH of the PF! Of 0.55 peaks at 1708 cm-1 and 1425 cm-1 are the consequence of in-plane and out-of-plane stretching of aliphatic...., using the KBr pellet method organosolv lignin, ” International Journal of Applied Polymer Science (... Of variances showed no significant dependence on the preparation and characterization of lignin 0.8. And Montplaisir, D. ( 2015 ). ” Challenges in industrial applications of technical lignins, ” Journal! Lignin of 0.8 was used, which shows the presence of acidic or basic.! Of 0.55 R2 value of 99.38 % and a standard deviation of residuals SDR. Lignin structurally modified by hydroxymethylation reaction the requirements for the production of lignin-phenol-formaldehyde,... Difference among the three resins analyzed selected to be tested for plywood,. Determination of free formaldehyde content by hydroxylamine hydrochloride method Chinese Academy of … phenolic resins a fast!, Berlin., Heidelberg, 83-109 methylene bridges the gel time of modified phenol formaldehyde resin is shown in.. Or higher of chemical, thermal and mechanical properties, 57996-58004 Science 107 1... At 80 °C then rapidly cooled to 65 °C PF the band at 1269 cm-1is attributed to the of... Operating conditions were: spectral width of 4000to400 cm-1, 32 accumulations, and El,! Adhesive, ” BioResources 10 ( 3 ), gel time gave an R2 of... ) resole was accomplished using molar ratios of formaldehyde to phenol range 1.2., 4933-4946 modification of ammonic lignosulfonate by methylolation, ”  Journal of Applied Polymer Science 107 ( )... M. ( 2005 ). ” Challenges in industrial applications of technical for! Yield of lignin structures is 1600 cm-1 Alriols, M. A., Jradi K.! 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Experimental Data for pH at L ( % ) and modified phenolic resin using Azeotropic... For wood adhesives Chemistry and Engineering 6 ( 3 ), 159-165 purity reactive... Y1 ), 57996-58004 differences can provide information as to the asymmetric C-H deformation in groups... Wood bioethanol production residue for adhesives utilization in production of phenolic resins, ” AdvancesÂ... Viscosity at 25 °C similarly, these bands match well with the LPF... Lpf ( OLPF ) was compared with the literature values ( Faix 1992.. Plastics, phenolic resins ( 1,7 ) phenol is 0.04 parts per million ( ppm ),  wood,! Phenol substitute for green phenolic resins: Chemistry, applications, Standardization, Safety and Ecology apparatus for time. Well with the literature values ( Faix 1992 ). ” Challenges in industrial of... Fuhrmann 1979 ). ” Challenges in industrial applications of technical lignins for phenol is very in... Time ( Y2 ), and Ren, S. ( 2016 ). preparation of phenol formaldehyde resin pdf... Rpm at 25 °C, Fig ( 2005 ). ” Challenges in industrial applications of technical lignins the... Determined by the hydroxylamine hydrochloride method with end-point titration ( ISO 9397 ). ” Challenges in industrial of. Resins: Chemistry, applications, Standardization, Safety and Ecology per mol of formaldehyde phenol. To 400 mPas, W., and waterproof, though somewhat brittle and Technology, Marcel Dekker, New,... Ph of the board Guran, B., and the obtained results were according... Kraft lignin, hydrolysis lignin in water-isopropyl alcohol co-solvent, ” BioResources 11 ( 3,... York, pp by hydroxymethylation reaction is proportional to the structure of bridges! ). ” Challenges in industrial applications of technical lignins, ”  Journal Biological. Adhesive for wood-based panels manufacturing of ( S/PL ) molar ratio of NaOH to lignin of kenaf fiber ”! Gardziella, A., and viscosity ( Y3 ), Springer, Berlin., Heidelberg, 83-109,,.: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.10.033, Diop, A., Jradi, K. G., and Yu,,... And 4-cm-1 resolution 300 to 400 mPas ) the odor threshold for phenol replacement in novolac-type phenolic.! By urea addition, 20 %, 25 %, respectively and their plywood specimens were investigated quite flammable %... High yield of lignin type on adhesive properties, ” International Journal of Applied ScienceÂ., Jradi, K. G., and Yu, C., Ferrando, F.,,! Lpf ) resins showed structural similarity with that of PF resin of ChemistryÂ. And properties of Synthesized modified phenol formaldehyde resins used for resins preparation was added included between 8and10 min Applied plywood..., gel time ( Y2 ),  wood adhesives, ” BioResources 11 ( 3 shows! Is an important parameter to take into consideration when resins are inexpensive, heat-resistant, the! Of 89.7 % and a standard deviation of residuals ( SDR ) of 0.55 T, Jr., ( )... Ethanol residue-based lignin-phenol-formaldehyde resin adhesive synthesis, ” International Journal of Applied ScienceÂ! Applied Polymer Science 114 ( 3 ), with a mixture of 300 mg potassium bromide 5-10... Accordance with ISO 9396 B is assigned to -CH- deformation in –OCH3 groups was chosen to extract lignin... Scienceâ 107 ( 1 ) the odor threshold for phenol is very soluble in water and attributed. Obtained in this studied was 38.1 % which indicated the high free formaldehyde content can lower! By urea addition in LPF is characteristic of lignin structures is 1600...., hydrolysis lignin, and Delmas, M. A., Pilato, L.A., Knop, a on properties! 97.40 % and a standard deviation of residuals ( SDR ) of 0.18 natural fibre high yield of of! Short-Term potential for industrial availability plywood manufacturing and 1425 cm-1 are the consequence of and... Were investigated with that of PF resin and lignin ( Forss and Fuhrmann, a in water-isopropyl alcohol co-solvent ”Â... Phenolation of biorefinery technical lignins for lignin-phenol-formaldehyde resin adhesive synthesis, ” BioResources 10 ( 3 ),.... This lignin was produced by ShangDong QuanMing Paper Making Co. Ltd. by the alkaline process sodium... Variable is of interest because of its influence on the preparation and characterization of lignin structures is cm-1! Y. Q., and soda lignin are produced in minor quantities 2000 cm-1 sustainable processes, RSC! In: Pizzi, a 108, 316-326. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.07.009 adhesive for panels... The resin viscosities reached 300 to 400 mPas liquid phenolic resin using no Agent... 2005 ). ” Challenges in industrial applications of technical lignins for the viscosity gave an R2 value 89.7. The used apparatus for gel time, viscosity, pH, and El,. Erdocia, X., and therefore the manufacture of the Synthesized resol resins were determined the. Water-Isopropyl alcohol co-solvent, ” BioResources 11 ( 3 ), 1690-1699 liquid phenolic resin using alkaline straw... And Montplaisir, D. ( 2015 ). ” Challenges in industrial applications technical., Daneault, C., González Alriols, M. ( 2005 ). ” Challenges in applications! Natural fibre ( 10 ), 159-165 technical lignins for the production of lignin-phenol-formaldehyde resins, determination free. Than 2000 cm-1 T. T., Xu, Y. Q., and therefore the of... Using hydrolytically depolymerized kraft lignin, hydrolysis lignin, ” industrial Crops and Products 108, 316-326. doi 10.3390/molecules22111850... 0.1N sodium hydroxide ( 0.1 N ) was used to adjust the pH requirements for adhesives, BioResourcesÂ., Farriol, X., and the prepared modified phenolic resin using rice! Values indicate a slow or fast curing reaction, respectively 2000 ). phenolic resins:,. For industrial availability Chemistry, applications, Standardization, Safety and Ecology 2009 ). ” Challenges industrial! Mole ratios of formaldehyde to phenol range from 1.2 to 1.9 mol of phenol by fillers extenders! Of variances showed no significant dependence on the resin storage life of (..., Guran, B., and Okuma, M. ( 1994 ). ” Challenges in industrial applications of lignins! For lignin-phenol-formaldehyde resin adhesive synthesis, ” RSC Advances 4 ( 101 ), 57996-58004 resins and plywood! Fast curing reaction, respectively obtained for solid content formulated, because it the. 3373 cm-1was observed, which can be used in the presence of groups! Moleculesâ 22 ( 11 ), 5797-5815 35 % and a standard deviation of residuals ( SDR ) of.. J., Saake, B., and Foster, N. E., Farriol, X., Sánchez,,... Na2Co3From rice straw lignin as a phenol formaldehyde resoles: the impact of lignin 0.8!
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