A circular phylogenetic tree consisting of 285 alleles (137 homozygotes, 74 heterozygotes) was constructed for the nuclear intron and compared to the 17 different mitochondrial haplotypes (Fig. Mar Policy 48:123–125, Rocha LA, Bowen BW (2008) Speciation in coral-reef fishes. The domain is Eukarya. This suggests that distinct species of giant barrel sponges must have existed prior to the most recent physical separation of the tropical Atlantic and the Indo-Pacific. Molecular studies on giant barrel sponges using these mtDNA and nDNA markers have revealed some interesting results. Coral Reefs The higher variation on the nDNA marker suggests that the evolutionary history of giant barrel sponges is better represented by this marker; however, additional genetic evidence and a thorough morphological analysis are required to delineate and describe distinct groups as species. Coral Reefs 16:S47–S52, Pandolfi JM, Jackson JBXC, Baron N, Bradbury RH (2005) Are US coral reefs on the slippery slope to slime? 2016) were present in this dataset. To our knowledge, the intertwined evolutionary history of tropical Atlantic and Indo-Pacific taxa we found for giant barrel sponges has never been found in other benthic reef animals. 2010; Richards et al. However, if sponges do not form two distinct monophyletic groups in different ocean basins, it suggests that a species complex already existed prior to the ocean basins becoming separated. Google Scholar, Bowen BW, Gaither MR, DiBattista JD, Iacchei M, Andrews KR, Grant WS, Toonen RJ, Briggs JC (2016) Comparative phylogeography of the ocean planet. Most genetic studies of sponges have indicated the existence of cryptic species and refuted ocean-wide distributions of several taxa (Duran and Rützler 2006; Swierts et al. Hence, the sponges from the tropical Atlantic and the Indo-Pacific are separated by several barriers that have developed at various times throughout history (Cowman and Bellwood 2013b). Emily C. McGrath, Lisa Woods, Jamaluddin Jompa, Abdul Haris, James J. (2014) found large differences in spongocoel morphology that were independent of sponge size and strongly influenced excurrent seawater velocity. However, there is an inconsistency in their placement relative to the other groups, since they are most closely related to group 8 in the nDNA phylogenetic tree (Fig. Dr. M May 8, 2014 Barrel Sponge giant largest record holder It is probably this 2.5 meter (8.2 feet) diameter giant that was a tourist attraction for scuba divers visiting Curaçao in … Decomposing kelp that sinks to the seafloor provides food for animals in the deep sea. Analyses were terminated after the chains converged significantly as indicated by an average standard deviation of split frequencies <0.01. Google Scholar, Bridge TC, Hughes TP, Guinotte JM, Bongaerts P (2013) Call to protect all coral reefs. In this study, we used molecular techniques to study populations of giant barrel sponges across the globe and assessed whether the genetic structure of these populations agreed with current taxonomic consensus or, in contrast, whether there was evidence of cryptic species. 2012) based on the Akaike information criterion (Akaike 1974). The last two images were kindly provided by Armin … 2010; Teske et al. A ninth group (group 4) consisted of a single sample from Taiwan. 2011; Bowen et al. All of the following sponges are found within the coral cap region of the sanctuary (0-130 ft, 0-40m deep). Congruent patterns between mitochondrial and nuclear gene trees of giant barrel sponges provided evidence for the existence of multiple reproductively isolated species, particularly where they occurred in sympatry. Evolution 55:1029–1039, CAS  Sponge tissue for DNA extraction was immediately stored in absolute ethanol (98%) in a cool box. J Biogeogr 40:209–224, Cowman PF, Bellwood DR (2013b) Vicariance across major marine biogeographic barriers: temporal concordance and the relative intensity of hard versus soft barriers. Bull Mar Sci 69:535–546, Duran S, Rützler K (2006) Ecological speciation in a Caribbean marine sponge. It grows at depths from 10 meters down to 120 metres (390 ft), and can reach a diameter of 1.8 metres (6 feet). Unfortunately, this large and important animal group has long been understudied in coral reef ecology (Diaz and Rützler 2001). Background colors represent geographic origin of the lineages. On tropical reefs, sponge diversity and abundance can be higher than that of corals (Diaz and Rützler 2001). Mar Biol 141:377–386, Fromont J, Bergquist PR (1994) Reproductive biology of three sponge species of the genus Xestospongia (Porifera: Demospongiae: Petrosida) from the Great Barrier Reef. (2016) from one sample from Tanzania, was not found in our dataset, and no new haplotypes were found for the CO1 gene. Nevertheless, our data do indicate that the current taxonomic consensus with X. muta occurring in the tropical Atlantic and X. testudinaria in the Red Sea, western Indian Ocean and central Indo-Pacific, is incorrect. Taken together, these factors were believed to lead to fewer opportunities for allopatric speciation compared to terrestrial ecosystems (Palumbi 1997; Rocha and Bowen 2008). 2014; Knapp et al. 2009; Maloof et al. (2002). The nuclear sequences provided much more information than the mitochondrial markers, but were mostly phylogenetically congruent with the mtDNA. At present, giant barrel sponges occur in the western Indo-Pacific (including the Red Sea and western Indian Ocean), the central Indo-Pacific and the tropical Atlantic. Our data do not support any recent invasions of giant barrel sponges from one ocean basin to another and none of the candidate species has a global distribution. 2013). In this study, we sequenced giant barrel sponges from reefs across the globe for a combination of the mtDNA genes ATP6 and CO1 and the nDNA intron ATPsβ. Help pages, FAQs, UniProtKB manual, documents, news archive and Biocuration projects. Location maps with haplotype frequencies of the mitochondrial DNA genes CO1 and ATP6 of giant barrel sponges. While not all branches in the nDNA tree were statistically supported and some mtDNA haplotypes were shared between regions, we could identify multiple groups that potentially operate as reproductively isolated populations. This is comparable to corals of the Montastrea annularis species complex (van Veghel et al. Evolution 58:308–323, López-Legentil S, Pawlik JR (2009) Genetic structure of the Caribbean giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta using the I3-M11 partition of COI. 3). Mean genetic distance for the nDNA was considerably higher than for the mtDNA. Sea otters wrap themselves in giant kelp to keep from floating away while sleeping. 2013) due to the combined threat of climate change and anthropogenic stressors including pollution and overfishing (Hughes 1994; Pandolfi et al. PubMed  Variable Boring Sponge. 2008). 2000) and can cover up to 9% of some reefs (Zea 1993); one specimen from Curaçao was estimated to be over 2300 yr old (Nagelkerken et al. Like most sponges, they pump water through their bodies to obtain food: plankton, bacteria and nutrients from the seawater. For the ATP6 gene, we used the primers ATP6porF (5′-GTAGTCCAGGATAATTTAGG-3′) and ATP6porR (5′-GTTAATAGACAAAATACATAAGCCTG-3′), which amplified a product of 445 bp. 1987). Mol Biol Evol 10:512–526, CAS  We'd like to inform you that we have updated our Privacy Notice to comply Sequence archive. Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Katja T. C. A. Peijnenburg, Christiaan A. de Leeuw & Johannes A. J. Breeuwer, Marine Animal Ecology, Wageningen UR, P.O. 2011). It is also known as Xestospongia Muta and it has brittle, incompressible, and easy to break consistency. All of them share the same basic body plan: a … Am J Hum Genet 68:978–989, Swierts T, Peijnenburg KTCA, de Leeuw C, Cleary DFR, Hörnlein C, Setiawan E, Wörheide G, Erpenbeck D, de Voogd NJ (2013) Lock, stock and two different barrels: comparing the genetic composition of morphotypes of the Indo-Pacific sponge Xestospongia testudinaria. 2000). Sponges have a very complex microbiome—a community of microorganisms—and each species has a very distinct set of microorganisms: Different Sponge Species Have Highly Specific and Stable Microbiomes from The Mari… An increasing number of examples of non-allopatric speciation along ecological gradients (reviewed in Bowen et al. Pie chart size is relative to the number of individuals with that haplotype. Science 265:1547–1551, Jarman SN, Ward RD, Elliott NG (2002) Oligonucleotide primers for PCR amplification of coelomate introns. Brittle and crumbly in consistency. Trends Ecol Evol 22:148–155, Article  2005), mitochondrial variation was low (π = 0.0032). 2013; Röthing and Voolstra 2016). Giant Barrel Sponge. Article  2013). Oscules on the inner side of vase; 0.2 - 0.3 cm (Ref. 1996) in the tropical Atlantic, which are unlikely to interbreed due to a combination of temporal differences in spawning, sperm aging, gamete dispersal and dilution, and gametic incompatibility (Levitan et al. Giant Barrel Sponge. Giant barrel sponges from 17 coral reef systems across the globe were sequenced for mitochondrial (partial CO1 and ATP6 genes) and nuclear (ATPsβ intron) DNA markers. It is important to note that some discrepancies exist in the results from our statistical analyses. The species complexes in the tropical Atlantic and the Indo-Pacific, however, do not form separate monophyletic lineages. 2007). part II. We compared a phylogenetic tree constructed from 285 alleles of the nuclear intron ATPsβ to the 17 mitochondrial haplotypes. In the tropical Atlantic, X. muta has been observed to spawn and recruit twice a year, in spring and in late summer (Ritson-Williams et al. Trumpet fish represent a so-called ‘global ring species complex’, in which different lineages have come into contact after three to four million years of isolation and appear to be merging (Bowen et al. Genetic markers have become increasingly important tools to identify divergent cryptic species and have forced the rejection of the long-believed assumption of cosmopolitan distribution of certain species (Boury-Esnault et al. Trees were visualized with FigTree v1.4.2 (Morariu et al. Domain: Eukaryota • Regnum: Animalia • Phylum: Porifera • Classis: Demospongiae • Ordo: Haplosclerida • Familia: Petrosiidae • Genus: Xestospongia • Species: Xestospongia muta giant barrel sponge Recent molecular studies have suggested that these species delineations are incorrect and that both X. muta and X. testudinaria consist of multiple sympatric species that apparently do not interbreed (Swierts et al. Bioinformatics 17:754–755, Hughes TP (1994) Catastrophes, phase shifts, and large-scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef. was investigated. 2008). Protein knowledgebase. Bioinformatics 19:1572–1574, Röthing T, Voolstra CR (2016) Xestospongia testudinaria nighttime mass spawning observation in Indonesia. 2005), but previous studies of giant barrel sponges have shown that the combination of the adenosine triphosphate synthase subunit 6 gene (ATP6) with the I3-M11 partition of the cytochrome oxidase 1 gene (CO1) was informative (Rua et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-017-1585-6, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-017-1585-6, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in > 50 ) and ATP6 genes, however, do not form separate monophyletic.! The legend of the reef, but also in the results from our nuclear data resulted seven. One exception, connected haplotypes in the sea excurrent seawater velocity oldest multicellular animal lineage ( Soest. Incompressible, and are widespread in many aquatic systems aim of this study, the Netherlands or Macrogen,... 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